Darshan Pdf In English | Nyaya

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The Complete Guide to Nyaya Darshan: Understanding Indian Logic and Epistemology nyaya darshan pdf in english

| Category (Padartha) | English Meaning | Brief Description | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 1. Pramana | Means of valid knowledge | The tools for gaining true knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. | | 2. Prameya | Objects of valid knowledge | The things to be known, such as the self, body, senses, and objects. | | 3. Samshaya | Doubt | The state of uncertainty that prompts philosophical inquiry. | | 4. Prayojana | Purpose or aim | The specific goal that motivates an action or argument. | | 5. Drishtanta | Example or familiar instance | A well-known example that illustrates a general rule. | | 6. Siddhanta | Tenet or established conclusion | A doctrine or dogma accepted by a school of thought. | | 7. Avayava | Members of a syllogism | The steps in a formal five-membered logical argument. | | 8. Tarka | Reasoning or argument | The use of reductio ad absurdum to support a conclusion. | | 9. Nirnaya | Determination or conclusion | The final, settled knowledge derived from proper reasoning. | | 10. Vada | Discussion | A genuine debate between a teacher and a student, or two equals, to establish the truth. | | 11. Jalpa | Wrangling | A debate aimed only at victory, using clever but tricky arguments. | | 12. Vitanda | Caviling or destructive criticism | A debate whose sole purpose is to refute an opponent, without offering a counter-thesis. | | 13. Hetvabhasa | Fallacy or pseudo-reason | A seeming reason that is actually invalid, misleading the argument. | | 14. Chala | Quibbling or equivocation | A dishonest trick that misinterprets an opponent's words. | | 15. Jati | Futile rejoinder | An unfair or irrelevant objection based on false analogy. | | 16. Nigrahasthana | Point of defeat | The moment when a debater is deemed to have lost the argument. | Search for "Nyaya Sutras English translation" or "Ganganatha